Neuromodulation Healthcare logo DBS for Dystoniaby Neuromodulation in Turkey

Evidence

Scientific references

All outcome figures on this site come from the peer-reviewed publications below. Each clinical page cites its sources inline with numbered references. Figures from our own case series are labelled as such.

  1. Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord. 2013;28(7):863–873. Source
  2. Andrews C, Aviles-Olmos I, Hariz M, Foltynie T. Which patients with dystonia benefit from deep brain stimulation? A metaregression of individual patient outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81(12):1383–1389. Source
  3. Artusi CA, Dwivedi A, Romagnolo A, et al. Differential response to pallidal deep brain stimulation among monogenic dystonias: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(4):426–433. Source
  4. Damier P, Thobois S, Witjas T, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus to treat tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(2):170–176. Source
  5. Globus pallidus internus versus subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Meige syndrome: a randomized controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. J Neurosurg. Published online 2026. Source
  6. Hua X, Zhang B, Zheng Z, et al. Predictive factors of outcome in cervical dystonia following deep brain stimulation: an individual patient data meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2020;267(6):1780–1792. doi:10.1007/s00415-020-09765-9 Source
  7. Kupsch A, Benecke R, Müller J, et al. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(19):1978–1990. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa063618 Source
  8. Macerollo A, Deuschl G. Deep brain stimulation for tardive syndromes: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2018;389:55–60. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2018.02.013 Source
  9. Meyer E, Carss KJ, Rankin J, et al. Mutations in the histone methyltransferase gene KMT2B cause complex early-onset dystonia. Nat Genet. 2017;49(2):223–237. Source
  10. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Meige syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2024 (March). Source
  11. Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache. Neurology. 2016;86(19):1818–1826. Source
  12. Steeves TD, Day L, Dykeman J, Jette N, Pringsheim T. The prevalence of primary dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2012;27(14):1789–1796. Source
  13. Tsuboi T, Wong JK, Almeida L, et al. A pooled meta-analysis of GPi and STN deep brain stimulation outcomes for cervical dystonia. J Neurol. 2020;267(5):1278–1290. doi:10.1007/s00415-020-09703-9 Source
  14. Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto JL, et al. Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(5):459–467. Source
  15. Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto JL, et al. Bilateral, pallidal, deep-brain stimulation in primary generalised dystonia: a prospective 3 year follow-up study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(3):223–229. Source
  16. Vidailhet M, Yelnik J, Lagrange C, et al. Bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation for the treatment of patients with dystonia-choreoathetosis cerebral palsy: a prospective pilot study. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(8):709–717. Source
  17. Volkmann J, Mueller J, Deuschl G, et al. Pallidal neurostimulation in patients with medication-refractory cervical dystonia: a randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(9):875–884. Source
  18. Volkmann J, Wolters A, Kupsch A, et al. Pallidal deep brain stimulation in patients with primary generalised or segmental dystonia: 5-year follow-up of a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(12):1029–1038. Source
  19. Yılmaz A, et al. Double-target (Vim + PSA) deep brain stimulation for rare tremor syndromes, including dystonic tremor. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2024. doi:10.1159/000539162 (PMID 38934181) Source